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Mar Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa (; also John Soulaqa, Sulaka or Sulacha, circa 1510–1555) was the first Patriarch of what was to become the Chaldean Catholic Church, from 1553 to 1555, after it broke from the Assyrian Church. Yohannan Sulaqa's ascension as Patriarch was part of the 1552 schism in the Assyrian Church of the East which resulted in the establishment of rival patriarchates and ultimately a permanent rift in the Assyrian Church. He was elected by those who opposed the hereditary patriarchal succession within the Abuna family, and he took an unprecedented step in the Church of the East: he traveled to Rome, accepted the Catholic creed and was consecrated as Patriarch in 1553, after at first failing in an attempt to join the Syriac Orthodox Church.〔''Cambridge History'', p. 521〕 His reign did not last long though: Upon his return, due to strong opposition by the opposing patriarch, Sulaqa was imprisoned by the Ottoman leader of Amadiyah, tortured, and executed in January 1555.〔 He is considered a martyr of the Catholic Church. ==Background== Up to Yohannan Sulaqa, the Assyrian Church of the East was united in a single patriarchate and the Episcopal see was located in the ancient Assyrian city of Alqosh. In the 15th century the Patriarch Mar Shimun IV Basidi (1437–1493) made the office hereditary in his own family, whose name was known as ''Bar Mama'' or ''Abuna'' family. This was made possible through the ancient Canonical law of the Church of East, which decreed that only metropolitan bishops could confirm a patriarch. As a result, Shimun IV and his successor only appointed their family members as metropolitan bishops, in order for the uncle to choose his brothers or nephews to succeed him as patriarch. This designated successor, once consecrated as metropolitan bishop with right of succession, was called ''natar kursi''. The patriarch Shemon VII Ishoyahb, consecrated either towards the end of 1538 or early in 1539, was highly unpopular due to his illicit activities in profligate life, selling church properties and allowing the use of concubines. Furthermore, he consecrated his own nephews at the ages of twelve and fifteen as metropolitan bishops. These actions led to wide protest causing further upheaval and instability in the church. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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